孫中山社會演化思想的再考察：與史賓塞的初步對話

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題名(英): A Reconsideration of Sun Yat-Sen's Thought of Social Evolution in Contrast to Herbert Spencer

全文內容: 　　孫中山向來以醫生和革命家的身分為人所熟知，始終有人認為他的思想東拼西湊，難以自成體系，雖具有實用價值但不夠理論化或是哲學化。若是回到演化論的原型時代－－史賓塞的演化思想中進行理論的對話、比較之後，實則可知孫中山所提出的社會演化論思想毫不遜於近現代的社會學理論大師。
　　本文先就各種演化論進行概述，並依序以「問題意識」、「基本命題」、「階段劃分」、「動力論」、「條件論」、「形式論」、「認識論」等，將史賓塞和孫中山的演化思想進行社會學演化典範的二級抽象和後設分析，最後進行初步的對話。在去除了政治色彩，還原理論性面貌後，或者可以說孫中山是實用主義的思想家/哲學家。

全文內容: 　　Dr. Sun Yat-Sen has been well known as a physician and a revolutionist, but his thought is regarded as a medley of different ideas, which is of practical value but insufficient for theorization and philosophization to form an ideological system. A comparison with the prototype of evolution theory by Spencer indicates that Sun's social evolution theory is no less insightful than those proposed by modern theorists of sociology.
　　In this paper, different evolution theories are first reviewed. In a sequence of demonstration of problem consciousness, basic thesis, stage division, dynamic theory, condition theory, form theory, and epistemology, two times of meta analysis are invoked to study the sociological paradigm of Sun's and Spencer's evolution theories, based on which a comparison is made. A return to theoretical research from political impression may prove Sun to be a pragmatic philosopher.