民主衰頹時代的反思：從中山先生的「權能區分」論「賢能政治」的時代意義

學習筆記勘誤意見

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題名(英): A Reflection on the Era of Democratic Decline:A Discussion on the Significance of the Age of “Political Meritocracy”from Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s “Separation of Powers”

關鍵詞(英): Dr. Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Wei-Shui, Greater Asianism, anti-colonialism

全文內容: 中山先生民權主義的目標是要實現「民主政治」，但中山先生晚期民權主義思想中的「權能區分」與「萬能政府」等主張的精神意趣，與西方民主理論著重於限制政府權力的精神實有不小的差異。按其「權能區分」的學說，儘管賦予政府極大的權力（「政府有能」），最終的政治權力依然掌握在人民集體手上（「人民有權」）。然而，就其制度設計而言，不論是官員還是民選的代表都必須經過考試的篩選，這不啻於以「考試權」來框限民權。按西方的民主理論的標準而言，這實質上就是一種「監護制度」，當代學者視之為「賢能政治」的一種型態。自由主義者一般對於「賢能政治」是持批判的立場。然而，本文對於這種批判不僅有所保留，甚且要反過來檢討，當代自由主義的民主實踐已經暴露出許多問題（例如否決政治與極端政治），甚至已呈現出衰頹之象。在此背景下，本文主張吾人應重探「賢能政治」與菁英主義的價值，提倡一種「菁英－民主」的混合政體。作者認為民權主義的「權能區分」理論正是這樣的一種政治方案，可以提供一種反思當代自由主義的民主實踐的理論資源，或許能開出矯正其偏差的新型態民主體制。

全文內容: This paper examines the intersection of history and Sunology within an academic context. By focusing on the case of Chiang Wei-Shui, it aims to present fresh insights and interpretations regarding the influence of Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s nationalism on the evolution of Taiwan’s anti-Japanese colonialism movement. This paper posits that Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s most prominent discussion on anti-colonial, known as Greater Asiaism, not only promotes the use of force by the masses to attain colonial liberation but also advocates for the involvement of powerful international nations in supporting and assisting weaker nations, thereby replacing aggressive colonial hegemony. Chiang Wei-Shui expressed his apprehension regarding the concept of Greater Asianism and urged the Japanese to improve their treatment of Taiwanese individuals, emphasizing the importance of fostering positive relations between Japan and China. Improving the treatment of Taiwanese individuals emerged as the central objective of his national movement. The influence of Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s Sunology is evident in Chiang Wen-Shui’s constructivist approach to his image ofthe nation and his support for the concurrent advancement of nationalism, civil liberties, and people’s livelihoods