中國知識份子對社會主義的態度:孫中山與蔣渭水之比較
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中國知識份子對社會主義的態度:孫中山與蔣渭水之比較
The Socialism Attitude of the Chinese Intellectual: Comparison of Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Wei-shui
孫學研究
1996-265-7
半年刊
2006/11/12
創刊號
P001-035
廿世紀初的中國與台灣,無可避免地受到社會主義這股巨大波瀾的沖刷,知識份子面臨了思考與抉擇。孫中山如此,蔣渭水亦若是,然而相較於當代其他知識份子,他們對社會主義的認知與闡述顯得較為完整並其有系統性。這兩人有不少相似之處。兩人都是醫生,受過完整的西方科學教育與訓練;都處在中國多難之秋的時代背景,在壓迫性的政治統治下產生鮮明的民族主義與革命精神;他們都對群眾思想做出啟蒙,並建立出一套較為完整具體的政治思想體系;兩人都從事政黨的組織與創建,孫中山創立中國國民黨,蔣渭水促成台灣民眾黨;他們在晚年時都對社會主義表現出某種程度的嚮往,但對於共產主義則採取批判的態度;他們均死於生命中的顛峰時刻,但是蔣渭水的生命更為短暫,一九三一年八月五日,他因傷寒病逝於台北醫院(今台大醫院)時,享年只有四十一歲。也為此,蔣渭水素有「台灣的孫中山」之稱。
孫中山與蔣渭水對社會主義的理性選擇上所顯示出的共通點,就是接近中庸的精神。蔣渭水對左右的定義,基本上就是孔子所說的 「狂」「狷」,而他的見解則接近孔子所說的「中行」思想。在對於民族的解放與社會的改造上,蔣氏所持的這種中庸的哲學,與孫中山具有高度的同質性。蔣氏被稱為『台灣的孫中山』,事實上,他的確是追隨著孫中山的腳步的。他與孫中山一樣,並不主張階級鬥爭,甚至可以說相當排斥;一方面,他又有相當的自信,將階級運動納為民族運動的範疇,並將社會運動團體納入民族運動目標之內。在對「階級運動」的定義上,他認為與孫中山所主張的民生主義,是一樣的道理,是一種「全民運動」、一種「民族運動」。
比較孫中山與蔣渭水對社會主義的研究與批判,孫中山呈現出的是一套完整的思想體系,這或許與他廣觸歐美各國,切身地觀察到社會主義的種種派別及發展;蔣渭水則受限於其短暫的生命,所闡述的論著亦有數量上的缺憾,雖已隱然呈現一套思想體系邏輯,惟在其生命盡頭驟然劃下句點,也使得他的思想體系可能的發展,留下未盡之憾。
In the late 19 and early 20 century, China and Taiwan were impacted by the big wave of socialism. Intellectuals have to face the issue of reconsideration and choice, so were Sun yat-sen and Chiang wuei-shui. They have many things in common, they both were doctors and have been trained for western scientific research which deeply influenced their understanding of socialism; they both died young, especially Chiang who only has 40 years to develop his theory; they both appreciated the humanism and equalization of socialism but were against the class struggle of communism; they both developed a complete system of thought and influenced the crowd then; they both fought for independence of own nation.
To compare with Chiang, Sun has more descriptions of socialism, he even created a unique principle which called "the principle of economy" to replace "socialism" which San didn't regard as the best solution of China's problems. Sun's theory influenced Chiang a lots so we can even call Chiang was "The San yat-sen of Taiwan", however with shorter life which limited the possibility of Chiang's development of ideological system.
This article is about to compare the differences of understanding and description of socialism of Sun and Chiang, and to analyze the factors in the differences.
The main methods of research are the document-sorting and theory-analyzing, the main approach is the historical approach.
國立國父紀念館
臺北市
GPN:2009503228