本館出版品

孫中山政黨政治思想與「新、舊政協」

Sun Yat-sen’s party political ideology and the New and Old Political Consultative Conferences

孫學研究

1996-265-7

半年刊

2025-11-12

第39期

p.51-72

孫中山不僅是一位革命家與政治家，也是一位因地制宜、與時俱進的思想家，他創立興中會、同盟會、國民黨、中華革命黨、中國國民黨，再到中國國民黨改組，他先領導革命黨人以激烈的手段推翻滿清的君主體制後，希望能實行西方政黨政治—兩黨制，國家就由兩大黨分別擔負起執政與監督的責任，但最後他的理想被現實所迫，遂改而側重「以黨建國」、「以黨治國」的革命政黨力量，期待實施憲政後還政於民。
孫中山政黨政治思想的演進，從歷史過程的回顧上，我們大致可以分為四個時期：組織革命政黨時期、嘗試民主政黨時期、恢復革命政黨時期、革命民主政黨時期，而梳理孫中山政黨思想的變化，可以發現孫中山政黨思想的重要內涵在於一、從「政黨政治」到「革命政治」；二、從兩黨制到一黨制；三、從民主到民主集權制；四、從政黨共組合併到革命政黨的國內外合作。
國共和談時期的「政治協商會議」與延續同樣名稱，象徵團結各方勢力的「中國人民政治協商會議」，從成立距今的時間點來比較，前者又稱「舊政協」，後者即所稱「新政協」，嚴格來看，舊政協是一個黨派性的談判會議，而新政協則係強調中共統戰功能而設立的具有全國與地方層級的委員會及常務委員會，一個有中國特色的常設化統戰組織，是民主黨派參政的重要管道。由於兩者都是政黨結合的組織，可以從中發掘與孫中山政黨思想有許多相似或關聯之處，惟以此為題的研究或未見，本文嘗試進行探索性分析。

Dr. Sun Yat-sen was not only a revolutionary and a politician, but also a thinker whose ideas evolved with the times and were shaped by local conditions. He founded the Society for the Revival of China (Xingzhonghui), the United League (Tongmenghui), the Nationalist Party (Guomindang), the Chinese Revolutionary Party (Zhonghua Gemingdang), and the Chinese Nationalist Party (Chung-kuo Kuo-min Tang; KMT), and then drove the reorganization of the KMT. Dr. Sun first successfully led revolutionaries to overthrow the Qing monarchy through drastic measures. Following this, he hoped to implement a western party-political system, also known as two-party system; in such a system, while one party governs, the other is responsible for keeping the governing party in check. However, he was forced to compromise these ideals due to pragmatic circumstances. From then on, he instead emphasized utilizing the power of a revolutionary party to “build the nation through the party” and “govern the nation through the party”. He hoped that, following the enactment of the Constitution, governing power could be returned to the people.
From a historical perspective, we can generally divide Dr. Sun’s party political ideology into four distinct phases: Organizing a revolutionary party; trying out democratic parties; returning to one revolutionary party; and implementing a revolutionary democratic party. When analyzing the changes to Dr. Sun’s party ideology, we discover that the crucial connotations are found in: 1. Moving from “party politics” to “revolutionary politics”; 2. Moving from a two-party system to a one-party system; 3. Moving from democracy to democratic centralism; and 4. Moving from political parties’ joint establishment/mergers to a revolutionary party’s domestic and foreign collaboration.
As for the Political Consultative Conference (“PCC”) during the period of KMT-Chinese Communist Party (“CCP”) peace agreement, and the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (“CPPCC”) that followed on from this and now signifies the country’s combined power, these can be labeled based on when they were established as the “Old PCC” and the “New PCC”. Strictly speaking, the Old PCC was a party-based negotiation conference, while the New PCC is a comprehensive, standing committee with representatives from national and local levels established to emphasize the CCP’s united front function; the New PCC is a permanent united front organization with Chinese characteristics, and an important channel for democratic parties to participate in politics. Both the Old and New PCC’s were formed by political parties joining together, and both show many similarities to and connections with Dr. Sun’s party ideology. As this is a topic that has not been studied before, this paper attempts to provide an exploratory analysis of the topic.

國立國父紀念館

臺北市

投稿日：民國113年12月13日；接受刊登日：民國114年10月13日