PROGRAM V
　In the preceeding four programs, I dealt exclusively with thedevelopment of the key and basic industries. In this one, I am go-ing to deal with the development of the main group of industrieswhich need foreign help. By the main group of industries, I meanthose industries which provide every individual and family with thenecessaries and comforts of life. Of course, when the key and ba-sic industries are developed, the various other industries will spon-taneously spring up all over the country, in a very short time. Thishad been the ease in Europe and America after the industrial rev-olution. The development of the key and the basic industries willgive plenty of work to the people and will raise their wages as wellas their standard of living. When wages are high, the price for nec-essaries and comforts of life will also be increased. So the rise inwages will be accompanied by the rise in the cost of living. There-fore, the aim of the development of some of the main group of in-dustries is to help reduce the high cost of living when China is inthe process of international development, by giving to the major-ity of the people plenty of the essentials and comforts of life as wellas higher wages.
　It is commonly thought that China is the cheapest country tolive in. This is a misconception owing to the common notion ofmeasuring everything by the value of money. If we measure thecost of living by the value of labor then it will be found that Chinais the most expensive country for a common worker to live in. AChinese coolie, a muscular worker, has to work 14 to 16 hours aday in order to earn a bare subsistence. A clerk in a shop, or ateacher in a village school cannot earn more than a hundred dol-lars a year. And the farmers after paying their rents and exchang-ing for a few articles of need with their produce have to live fromhand to mouth. Labor is very cheap and plentiful but food and com-modities of life are just enough to go round for the great multitudeof the four hundred millions in China in an ordinary good year.
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In a bad year, a great number succumb to want and starvation. Thismiserable condition among the Chinese proletariat is due to thenon-development of the country, the crude methods of productionand the wastefulness of labor. The radical cure for all this is in-dustrial development by foreign capital and experts for the benefitof the whole nation. Europe and America are a hundred years aheadof us in industrial development; so, in order to catch up in a veryshort time we have to use their capital, mainly their machinery.If foreign capital cannot be gotten, we will have to get at least theirexperts and inventors to make for us our own machinery. In anycase, we must use machinery to assist our enormous man-powerto develop our unlimited resources.
　In modern civilization, the material essentials of life are five,namely: food, clothing, shelter, means of locomotion, and the printedpage. Accordingly I will formulate this program as follows:I. The Food Industry.
　II. The Clothing Industry.
　III. The Housing Industry.
　IV. The Motoring Industry.
　V. The Printing Industry.

PART I
THE FOOD INDUSTRY
　The food industry should be treated under the followingheadings:
　A. The Production of Food.

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　B. The Storage and Transportation of Food.
　C. The Preparation and Preservation of Food.
　D. The Distribution and Exportation of Food.

A. The Production of Food
　Human foods are drived from three sources: the land, the seaand the air. By far the most important and greatest in quantity con-sumed is aerial food of which oxygen is the most vital element. Butthis aerial food is abundantly provided by nature, and no humanlabor is needed for its production except that which is occasion-ally needed for the airman and the submariner. So this food is freeto all. It is not necessary for us to discuss it here. The productionof food from the sea which I have already touched upon when Idealt with the construction of fishing harbors and the building offishing crafts, will also be left out here. It is the specific industriesin the production of food from land, which need foreign help thatare to be discussed here.
　China is an agricultural country. More than half of its popu-lation is occupied in the work of producing foot. The Chinese farmeris very skillful in intensive cultivation. He can make the land yieldto its utmost capacity. But vast tracts of arable lands are lying wastein thickly populated districts for one cause or other. Some are dueto lack of water, some to too much of it and some to the "dog inthe manager" system,-the holding up of arable land by speculatorsand land sharks for higher rents and prices.
　The land of the eighteeen provinces alone is at present supportingpopulation of four hundred millions. Yet there is still room for de-velopment which can make this same area of land yield more foodif the waste land be brought under cultivation, and the already cul-tivated land be improved by modern machinery and scientific
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methods. The farmers must be protected and encouraged by lib-eral land laws by which they can duly reap the fruits of their ownlabor.
　In regard to the production of food in our international devel-opment scheme, two necessary undertakings should be carried outwhich will be profitable at the same time.
　(1)A scientific survey of the land.
　(2)The establishment of factories for manufacturing agricul-tural machinery and implements.
　(1)A scientific survey of the land. China has never been sci-entifically surveyed and mapped out. The administration of landis in the most chaotic state and the taxation of land is in great con-fusion, thus causing great hardships on the poor peasants and farm-ers. So, under any circumstance, the survey of land is the first dutyof the government to execute. But this could not be done withoutforeign help, owing to lack of funds and experts. Therefore, I sug-gest that this work be taken up by an international organization.This organization should provide the expenses of the work by aloan, and should carry out the work with the required number ofexperts and equipmen. How much will be the expenses for the surv-ery and what is the amount of time required and how large on or-ganization is sufficient to carry on the work, and whether aerialsurvey by aeroplanes be practical for this work are questions whichI shall leave to experts to decide.
　When the topographical survey is going on a geological surveymay be carried out at the same time so as to economize expenses.When the survey work is done and the land of each province isminutely mapped out, we shall be able to readjust the taxation ofthe already cultivated and improved land. As regards the waste anduncultivated lands we shall be able to determine whether they are
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suitable for agriculture, for pasture, for forestry, or for mining. Inthis way, we can estimate their value and lease them out to theusers for whatever production that is most suitable. The surplustax of the cultivated land and the proceeds of waste land will befor the payment of the interest and principal of the foreign loan.Besides the eighteen provinces, we have a vast extent of agricul-tural and pastural lands in Manchuria, Mongolia, and Sinkiang, anda vast extent of pastural land in Tibet and Kokonor. They will haveto be developed by extensive cultivation under the colonizationscheme, which is alluded to in the first program.(2) The establishment of factories for manufacturing agricul-tural machinery and implements. When the waste land is rechaimed,cultivated land improved and waste labor set to work on the land,the demands for agricultural machinery and implements will bevery great. As we have cheap labor and plenty of iron and coal,it is better and cheaper for us to manufacture than to import theimplements and machinery. For this purpose, much capital shouldbe invested, and factories should be put up in industrial centersor in the neighborhood of iron and coal fields, where labor and ma-terial could be easily found.

B. The Storage and Transportation of Food
　The most important foodstuff to be stored and transported isgrain. Under the present Chinese method, the storage of grain ismost wasteful for if kept in large quantities it is often destroyedby insects or damaged by weather. It is only in small quantitiesand by great and constant care that grains can be preserved fora certain period of time. And the transportation of grains is alsomost expensive for the work is mostly done on man's shoulders.When the grains reach the waterway it is carried in a most mak-eshift way without the least semblance of system. If the methodof storing and transporting of grain be improved, a great economicsaving could be accomplished. I propose that a chain of grain el-
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evators be built all over the country and a special transport fleetbe equipped all along the waterways by this International Devel-opment Organization. What will be the capital for this project andwhere the elevators should be situated have yet to be investigatedby experts.

C. The Preparation and Preservation of Food
　Hitherto the preparation of food is entirely by hand with a fewprimitive implements. The preservation of food is either by salt orsun heat. Mills and cannery method are scarely known. I suggestthat a system of rice mills should be constructed in all the largecities and towns in the Yangtze Valley and South China where riceis the staple food. Flour mills should be put up in all large citiesand towns north of the Yangtze Valley, where wheat, oats, and cer-eals other than rice are the staple food. All these mills should beunder one central management so as to produce the best economicresults. What amount of capital should be invested in this mill sys-tem by this international development scheme should be subjectedto detailed investigation.
　In regard to the preservation of food, fruits, meats and fishesshould be preserved by canning or by refrigeration. If the canningindustry is developed there will be created a great demand for tin-plates. Therefore the establishment of tinplate factories will be nec-essary and also profitable. Such factories should be situated nearthe iron and tin fields. There are many localities in South Chinawhere tin, iron, and coal are situated near each other, thus pro-viding ready materials for the factories. The tinplate factories andthe canneries should be combined into the one enterprise so asto secure best economic results.

D. The Distribution and Exportation of Food
　In ordinary good years, China never lacks food. There is a com-
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mon saying in China that "One year's tilling will provide three year'swants". In the richer sections of the country, the people generallyreserve three or four years food supply in order to combat a badyear. But when China is developed and organized as an economicwhole, one year's food reserve should be kept in the country forthe use of the local people and the surplus should be sent out tothe industrial centers. As the storage and transportation of food willbe under a central management so the distribution and exporta-tion of food should be under the same charge. All surplus grainsof a country district should be sent to the nearest town for storageand each town or city should store one year's food. All the staplefood should be sold only at cost price to the inhabitants accordingto their number, by the distributing department. And the surplusfood should be exported to foreign countries where it is wantedand where the highest price can be obtained by the export depart-ment under the central management. Thus the surplus food willnot be wasted as hitherto under the prohibition law. The proceedsof this export will surely amount to a huge sum which will be usedin the payment of the interest and principal of the foreign loan in-vested in this undertaking.
　We cannot complete this part of the food industry without giv-ing special consideration to the Tea and Soya indurstries. Theformer, as a heverage, is well known throughout and used by thecivilized world and the latter is just beginning to be realized as animportnt foodstuff by the scientists and food administrators. Tea,the most healthy and delicious beverage of mankind, is producedin China. Its cultivation and preparation form one of the mostimportant industries of the country. Once China was the onlycountry that supplied the world with tea. Now China's trade hasbeen wrested away from her by India and Japan. But the qualityof the Chinese tea is still unequalled. The Indian tea contains toomuch tannic acid, and the Japanese tea lacks the flavor which theChinese tea possesses. The best tea is only obtainable in China-the native land of tea. China lost her tea trade owing to the high
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cost of its production. The high cost of production is caused by theinland tax as well as the export duty and by the old methods ofcultivation and preparation. If the tax and duty are done away withand new methods introduced, China can recover her former po-sition in this trade easily. In this International Development Scheme,I suggest that a system of modern factories for the preparation oftea should be established in all the tea districts, so that the tea shouldbe prepared by machinery instead of, as hitherto, by hand. Thusthe cost of production can be greatly reduced and the quality im-proved. As the world's demand for tea is daily increasing and willbe more so by a dry United States of America, a project to supplycheaper and better tea will surely be a profitable one.Soya bean as a meat substitute was discovered by the Chineseand used by the Chinese and the Japanese as a staple food for manythousands of years. As meat shortage has been keenly felt in car-nivorous countries at present, a solution must be found to relieveit. For this reason I suggest that in this International DevelopmentScheme we should introduce this artificial meat, milk, butter andcheese to Europe and America, by establishing a system of soyabeen factories in all the large cities of those countries, so as to pro-vide cheap nitrogenous food to the western people. Modern fac-tories should also be established in China to replace those old andexpensive methods of production by hand, so as to procure bettereconomic results as well as to produce better commodities.
PART II
THE CLOTHING INDUSTRY
　The principal materials for clothes are silk, linen, cotton, wooland animal skins. I shall accordingly deal with them under the fol-lowing headings:
　A. The Silk Industry.

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　B. The Linen Industry.
　C. The Cotton Industry.
　D. The Woolen Industry.
　E. The Leather Industry.
　F. The Manufacturing of Clothing Machinery.

A. The Silk Industry
　Silk is a Chinese discovery and was used as a material for clothesformany thousands of years before the Christian Era. It is one ofthe important national industries of China. Up to recent time, Chinawas the only country that supplied silk to the world. But now thisdominant trade has been taken away from China by Japan, Italyand France, because those countries have adopted scientific me-thods for silk culture and manufacture, while China still uses thesame old methods of many thousands years ago. As the world's de-mand for silk is increasing daily, the improvement of the cultureand manufacture of silk will be a very profitable undertaking. Inthis International Development Scheme, I suggest first that scien-tific bureaus be established in every silk district to give directionsto the farmers and to provide healthy silk-worm eggs. These bu-reaus should be under central control. At the same time, they willact as collecting stations for cocoons so as to secure a fair pricefor the farmers. Secondly, silk filiatures with up-to-date machineryshould be established in suitable districts to reel the silk for homeas well as for foreign consumption. And lastly, modern factoriesshould be put up for manufacturing silk for both home and foreignmarkets. All silk filiatures and factories should be under a singlenational control and will be financed with foreign capital and su-pervised by experts to secure the best economic results and to pro-duce better and cheaper commodities.

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B. The Linen Industry
　This is an old Chinese industry. In southern China there is pro-duced a kind of very fine linen in the form of ramie, known asChina-grass. This fiber if treated by modern methods and machin-ery becomes almost as fine and glossy as silk. But in China, so faras I know, there is not yet such new method and machinery forthe manufacturing of this linen. The famous Chinese grass-clothis manufactured by the old method of hand-looms. I propose thatnew methods and machinery be introduced into China by this Inter-national Development Organization to manufacture this linen. Asystem of modern factories should be established all over theramie-producing districts in South China where raw materials andlabor are obtainable.

C. The Cotton Industry
　Cotton is a foreign product which was introduced into Chinacenturies ago. It became a very important Chinese industry dur-ing the hand-loom age. But after the import of foreign cotton goodsinto China, this native handicraft industry was gradually Killed bythe foreign trade. So, great quantities of raw cotton are exportedand finished cotton goods are imported in large quantities intoChina. What an anomaly when we consider the enormous, cheaplabor in China. However a few cotton mills have been started re-cently in treaty ports which have made enormous profits. It is re-ported that during the last two or three years most of the Shanghaicotton mills declared a dividend of 100 per cent and some even200 per cent! The demand for cotton goods in China is very greatbut the supply falls short. It is necessary to put up more mills inChina for cotton manufacturing. Therefore, I suggest in this Inter-national Development Scheme to put up a system of large cottonmills all over the cotton-producing districts under one central na-tional control. Thus the best economic results will be obtained andcotton goods can be supplied to the people at a lower cost.
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D. The Woolen Industry
　Although the whole of Northwestern China--about two-thirdsof the entire country is a pastural land yet the woolen industry hasnever been developed. Every year, plenty of raw materials are ex-ported from China on the one hand and plenty of finished woolengoods imported on the other. Judging by the import and exportof the woolen trade the development of woolen industry in Chinawill surely be a profitable business. I suggest that scientific methodsbe applied to the raising of sheep and to the treatment of woolso as to improve the quality and increase the quantity. Modern fac-tories should be established all over northwestern China for man-ufacturing all kinds of finished woolen goods. Here we have the rawmaterials, cheap labor and unlimited market. What we want for thedevelopment of this industry is foreign capital and experts. Thiswill be one of the most remunerative projects in our InternationalDevelopment Scheme, for the industry will be a new one and therewill be no private competitors on the field.

E. The Leather Industry
　This will also be a new industry in China, despite the fact thatthere are a few tanneries in the treaty ports. The export of hidesfrom and the import of leather goods into China are increasing everyyear. So, to establish a system of tanneries and factories for leathergoods and foot-gear will be a lucrative undertaking.
F. The Manufacturing of Clothing Machinery
　The machinery for the manufacturing of various kinds of cloth-ing materials is in great demand in China. It is reported that theorders for cotton mill machinery have been filled up for the nextthree years from manufacturers in Europe and America. If Chinais developed according to my programs, the demand for machin-ery will be many times greater than at present and the supply in
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Europe and America will be too short to meet it. Therefore to es-tablish factories for the manufacturing of clothing machinery is anecessary as well as a profitable undertaking. Such factories shouldbe established in the neighborhood of iron and steel factories, soas to save expenses for transportation of heavy materials. What willbe the capital for this undertaking should be decided by experts.
PART III
THE HOUSING INDUSTRY
　Among the four hundred millions in China the poor still livein huts and hovels, and in caves in the loess region of north Chinawhile the middle and the rich classes live in temples. All the so-called houses in China, excepting a few after western style and thosein treaty ports are built after the models of a temple. When a Chi-nese builds a house he has more regard for the dead than for theliving. The first consideration of the owner is his ancestral shrine.This must be placed at the center of the house, and all the otherparts must be complement and secondary to it. The house is plannednot for comfort but for ceremonies, that is, for "the red and whiteaffairs," as they are called in China. The "red affair" is the mar-riage or other felicitous celebrations of any member of the family,and the "white affair" is the funeral ceremonies. Besides the an-cestral shrine there are the shrines of the various household gods.All these are of more importance than man and must be consid-ered before him. There is not a home in old China that is plannedfor the comfort and convenience of man alone. So now when weplan the housing industry in China in our International Develop-ment Scheme, we must take the houses of the entire populationof China into consideration. "To build houses for four hundred mil-lions, it is impossible!" some may exclaim. This is the largest jobever conceived by man. But if China is going to give up her foolishtraditions and useless habits and customs of the last three thou-sand years and begin to adopt modern civilization, as our industrial
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development scheme is going to introduce, the remodelling of allthe houses according to modern comforts and conveniences isbound to come, either unconsciously by social evolution or con-sciously by artificial construction. The modern civilization so farattained by western nations is entirely an unconscious progress,for social and economic sciences are but recent discoveries. Buthenceforth all human progress will be more or less based uponknowledge, that is upon scientific planning. As we can forsee now,within half a century under our industrial development, the houseof all China will be renewed according to modern comfort and con-venience. Is it not far better and cheaper to rebuild the houses ofall China by a preconceived scientific plan than by none? I haveno doubt that if we plan to build a thousand houses at one timeit would be ten time cheaper than to plan and build one at a time,and the more we build the cheaper terms we would get. This isa positive economic law. The only danger in this is over-production.That is the only obstacle for all production on a large scale. Sincethe industrial revolution in Europe and America, every financialpanic before the world war was caused by over-production. In thecase of our housing industry in China, there are four hundred mil-lion customers. At least fifty million houses will be needed in thecoming fifty years. Thus a million houses a year will be the normaldemand of the country.
　Houses are a great factor in civilization. They give men moreenjoyment and happiness than food and clothes. More than halfof the human industries are contributing to household needs. Thehousing industry will be the greatest undertaking of our Interna-tional Development Scheme, and also will be the most profitablepart of it. My object of the housing industry is to provide cheaphouses to the masses. A ten thousand dollar house now built inthe treaty port can be produced for less than a thousand dollarsand yet a high margin of profit can be made. In order to accom-plish this we have to produce transport, and distribute the mater-ials for construction. After the house is finished, all household
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equipment must be furnished. Both of the these will be comprisedin the housing industry which I shall formulate as follows:A. The Production and Transportation of Building Materials.B. The Construction of Houses.
　C. The Manufacturing of Furniture.
　D. The Supply of Household Utilities.

A.The Production and Transportation of BuildingMaterials
　The building materials are bricks, tiles, timber, skeleton iron,stone, cement and mortar. Each of these materials must be man-ufactured or cut out from raw materials. So kilns for the manufac-ture of tiles and bricks must be put up. Mills for timers must beestablished, also factories for skeleton irons. Quarries must be op-ened and factories for cement and mortar must be started. All theseestablishments must be put up at suitable districts where mater-ials and markets are near one another. All should be under onecentral control so as to regulate the output of each of these ma-terials in proportion to the demand. After the materials are readythey must be transported to the places where they are wanted byspecial bottoms on waterways, and by special cars on railways soas to reduce the cost as low as possible. For this purpose specialboats and cars must be built by the shipbuilding department andthe car factory.

B. The Construction of Houses
　The houses to be built in China will comprise public buildingand private residences. As the public buildings are to be built withpublic funds for public uses which will not be a profitable under-
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taking, a special Government Department should therefore becreated to take charge. The houses that are to be built under thisInternational Development Scheme will be private residences onlywith the object to provide cheap houses for the people, as well asto make profit for this International concern. The houses will bebuilt on standardized types. In cities and towns the houses shouldbe constructed on two lines: the single family and the group faimlyhouses. The former should again be subdivided into eight-roomed,ten-roomed and tweleve-roomed houses, and the latter into ten-family, hundred-family and thousand-family houses, with four orsix rooms for each family, In the country districts the houses shouldbe classified according to the occupation of the people, and spe-cial annexes such as barns and dairies should be provided for thefarmers. All houses should be designed and built according to theneeds and comfort of man; so a special architectual departmentshould be established to study the habits, occupations and needsof different people and make improvements from time to time. Theconstruction should be performed as much as possible by labor-saving machinery so as to accelerate work and save expenses.
C. The Manufacturing of Furniture
　As all houses in China should be remodelled all furniture shouldbe replaced by up-to-date ones, which are made for the comfortsand needs of man. Furniture of the following kinds should be man-ufactured: the library, the parlor, the bedroom, the kitchen, the bath-room and the toilet. Each kind should be manufactured in a specialfactory under the management of the International DevelopmentOrganization.

D. The Supply of Household Utilities
　The household utilities are water, light, heat, fuel and telephones.Except in treaty ports, there is no water-supply system in any ofthe cities and towns of China. Even many treaty ports possess none
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as yet. In all the large cities, the people obtain their water fromrivers which at the same time act as sewage. The water supply ofthe large cities and towns in China is most unsanitary. (1) It is anurgent necessity that water supply systems should be installed inall cities and towns in China without delay. Therefore special fac-tories for equipping the water system should be established in or-der to meet the needs. (2) Lighting plants should be installed inall the cities and towns in China. So factories for the manufactureof the machinery lighting plants should be established. (3) Modernheating plants should be installed in every household, using eitherelectricity, gas, or steam. So the manufacturing of heating equip-ment is a necessity. Factories should be established for this pur-pose. (4) Cooking fuel is one of the most costly items in the dailyneeds of the Chinese people. In the country the people generallydevote ten per cent of their working time to gathering firewoods.In town the people spend about twenty per cent of their living ex-penses for firewood alone. Thus this firewood question accumulatesinto a great national waste. The firewood and grass as a cookingfuel must be substituted by coal in the country districts, and bygas or electricity in towns and cities. In order to use coal gas andelectricity, proper equipment must be provided. So factories forthe manufacturing of coal gas, and electricity, stoves for every fam-ily must be established by this International Development Organ-ization. (5) Telephones must also be supplied to every family inthe cities as well as in the country. So factories for manufacturingthe equipment must be put up in China, in order to render themas cheap as possible.

PART IV
THE MOTORING INDUSTRY
　The Chinese are a stagnant race. From time immemorial a manis praised for staying at home and caring for his immediate sur-roundings only. Laotse-a contemporary of Confucius-says: "The
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good people are those who live in countries so near to each otherthat they can hear each other's cock crow and dog bark and yetthey never have had intercourse with each other during theirlifetime." This is often quoted as the Golden Age of the Chinesepeople. But in modern civilization the condition is entirely changed.Moving about occupies a great part of a man's life time. It is themovement of man that makes civilization progress. China, in or-der to catch up with modern civilization, must move. And themovement of the individual forms an important part of the nationalactivity. A man must move whenever and wherever he pleases withease and rapidity. However, China, at present, lacks the means offacility for individual movement, for all the old great highways wereruined and have disappeared, and the automobile has not yet beenintroduced into the interior of the country. The motor car, a re-cent invention, is a necessity for rapid movement. If we wish tomove quickly and do more work, we must adopt the motor car asa vehicle. But before we can use the motor car, we have to buildour roads. In the preliminary part of this International Develop-ment Scheme, I proposed to construct one million miles of roads.These should be apportioned according to the ratio of populationin each district for construction. In the eighteen provinces of ChinaProper, there are nearly 2,000 hsiens. If all parts of China are toadopt the hsien administration, there will be nearly 4,000 hsiensin all. Thus the construction of roads for each hsien will be on anaverage of 250 miles. But some of the hsiens have more peopleand some have less. If we divide the million miles of roads by thefour hundred million people, we shall have one mile to every fourhundred. For one hundred people to build one mile of road is nota very difficult task to accomplish. If my scheme of making road-building as a condition for granting local autonomy is adopted bythe nation, we shall see one million miles of road built in a veryshort time as if by a magic wand.
　As soon as the people of China decide to build roads, this Inter-national Development Organization can begin to put up factories
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for manufacturing motor cars. First start on a small scale and grad-ually expand the plants to build more and more until they are suf-ficient to supply the needs of the four hundred million people. Thecars should be manufactured to suit different purposes, such as thefarmer's car, the artisan's car, the business man's car, the tourists'car, the truck car, etc. All these cars, if turned out on a large scale,can be made much cheaper than at present, so that everybody whowishes it, may have one.
　Besides supplying cheap cars, we must also supply cheap fuel,otherwise the people will still be unable to use them. So the de-velopment of the oil fields in China should follow the motor carindustry. This will be dealt with in more detail under the miningindustry.

PART V
THE PRINTING INDUSTRY
　This industry provides man with intellectual food. It is a ne-cessity of modern society, without which mankind cannot progress.All human activities are recorded, and all human knowledge is storedin printing. It is a great factor of civilization. The progress and civ-ilization of different nations of the world are measured largely bythe quantity of printed matter they turn out annually. China, thoughthe nation that invented printing, is very backward in the devel-opment of its printing industry. In our International DevelopmentScheme, the printing industry must also be given a place. If Chinais developed industrially according to the lines which I suggested,the demand for printed matter by the four hundred millions willbe exceedingly great. In order to meet this demand efficiently, asystem of large printing houses must be established in all large ci-ties in the country, to undertake printing of all kinds from news-papers to encyclopaedia. The best modern books on various subjectsin different countries should be translated into Chinese and pub-
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lished in cheap edition form for the general public in China. Allthe publishing houses should be organized under one common man-agement, so as to secure the best economic results.In order to make printed matter cheap, other subsidiary in-dustries must be developed at the same time. The most importantof these is the paper industry. At present all the paper used by news-papers in China is imported. And the demand for paper is increas-ing every day. China has plenty of raw materials for making paper,such as the vast virgin forests of the northwestern part of the coun-try, and the wild reeds of the Yangtze and its neighboring swampswhich would furnish the best pulps. So, large plants for manufac-turing papers should be put up in suitable locations. Besides thepaper factories, ink factories, type foundries, printing machine fac-tories, etc., should be established under a central management toproduce everything that is needed in the printing industry.
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