本館出版品

孫中山「革命建國」與《周易》「憂患九卦」的應用

Sun Yat-sen’s “Revolutionary Nation-establishment”and the Application of the Zhouyi (I-Ching) “Nine Hexagrams of Adversity”

孫學研究

1996-265-7

半年刊

2026-05-16

第40期

p.173-203

今年是孫中山先生逝世一百周年。孫中山生前有三次到嶺南大學視察，每次都有演講。1923年12月21日下午，他携夫人到嶺南大學視察演講，這是他第二次赴嶺南大學。孫中山是次赴嶺南大學視察演講，不僅影響大，還留下不少珍貴歷史照片，然學術界對孫中山是次行程中的一些細節，沒有給予足夠的關注；對一些歷史照片，也缺乏系統的梳理，沒有给予清晰的解讀，甚至還存在錯誤表述的情況。作為以孫中山晚年從事革命時間最長的廣州大元帥府所在地為館舍的孫中山大元帥府紀念館，不僅是因為孫中山第二次嶺南大學之行的啟程點是本館所在地，更是因為弄清楚此次行程中涉及的相關問題，是紀念館義不容辭的責任。
本文通過發掘新史料，弄清楚了到大元帥府大本營恭迎孫中山的嶺南大學相關人員以及在演講會場做記錄的人員的身份及生平情況，還通過比對照片中所見景物、人物光影、太陽照射角度及地面上的人物影子長短距離，結合新見嶺南大學校園1921年全景照，對此次行程中遺存下來的數十張歷史照片進行了考察、分類和解讀，從而較為合理地整理出孫中山此次嶺南大學的行程過程。

It is said in the Ji-Ji hexagram of Zhouyi (I-Ching, that is, the Book of Changes) that“A virtuous person considers potential adversities and takes precautions”.The term adversity refers to a difficult or unfavorable situation. As stated in the Mencius,“A state without strict law-abiding officials and honest advisors at home, and without hostile rival states or foreign threats abroad, will often perish. Thus, one should know that life is sustained through hardship and adversity, whereas death is invited by comfort and ease.”This type of mindset emphasizes diligence and precaution in anticipation of potential hardship or adversity. Such a“sense of crisis”based on precaution and apprehension can be applied in a virtuous person’s self-cultivation on a smaller scale, and the stabilization of a nation on a larger scale. In the late Qing Dynasty period, the empire grew increasingly weak, facing a cascade of internal turmoil and external threats. The Opium War broke out in 1840, forcing China to open its doors to foreign nations. As Western powers continued their aggression, China suffered a series of defeats and was forced to sign unequal treaties, eventually reducing the nation to a second-class colony. Many reform-minded people harbored a strong“sense of crisis”, believing that without self-reliance and self-strengthening, the nation would not be saved from collapse. Dr. Sun Yat-sen, driven by an intellectual’s“apprehensive mind”, advocated revolution to rescue China from chaos, secure the people’s livelihoods, and achieve world harmony. After ten failed attempts, the eleventh revolution finally overthrew the Qing Dynasty and established the Republic of China. During this period, intellectuals initiated a series of self-strengthening and national salvation movements, such as the Kang-Liang Reform and the Constitutional Movement, yet they all ultimately failed. Faced with the failure of these self-strengthening and national salvation movements, what sense of crisis was it that drove Sun Yat-sen to persist in revolution to save the country? What are the corresponding applications of the “Nine Hexagrams of Adversity” mentioned in the Chinese classic Zhouyi? These two points constitute the main research motivation for this paper. The study investigates related issues through analogy and deductive reasoning. The key topics are as follows: Sun Yat-sen’s revolutionary efforts failed ten times before finally succeeding on the eleventh attempt. How did he maintain such a spirit of perseverance and resilience in the face of adversity? What were the reasons for the ultimate success? When these are connected to the moral philosophy of the“Nine Hexagrams of Adversity”mentioned in China’s first Confucian classic, Zhouyi, does it imply that when faced with difficulties and adversities, one should maintain humility, prudence, introspection, perseverance, and a sense of crisis to overcome difficulties and challenges before achieving the ultimate success? When comparing the “underlying principles” of the “Nine Hexagrams of Adversity”with Sun Yat-sen’s eleven revolutions in establishing the nation, this is indeed shown to be the case! The success of Sun Yat-sen’s revolution was by no means accidental. Without integrity in the face of adversity, unwavering moral commitment, courageous willingness to sacrifice, and tireless efforts, it would have been impossible to accomplish the pioneering task of overthrowing the Qing Dynasty and establishing the Republic of China. Despite ten failed revolutions and the sacrifice of countless revolutionary martyrs, Sun Yat-sen never gave up. Once the time and conditions were right, and the nation was of one heart and mind, the downfall of the Qing Dynasty was ensured. Finally, the Wuchang Uprising toppled the dynasty and paved the way for the Republic of China. Sun Yat-sen’s revolutionary nation-establishment ethos indeed echoes the spirit and philosophy of the“tireless self-strengthening”and the“Nine Hexagrams of Adversity”mentioned in the Zhouyi.

國立國父紀念館

臺北市

投稿日：民國114年10月27日；接受刊登日：民國115年04月23日