社會發展的想像：孫中山的社會互助論與當代社會創新概念與實踐之比較討論

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題名(英): Imaginaries of Social Development
Social Mutualism of Sun Yat-sen and Social Innovation Compared

關鍵詞(英): social development, social mutualism, social innovation, welfare state, neoliberalism

全文內容: 孫中山於20世紀初中華民國創建之時，受達爾文與克魯泡特金理論之啟發，提出社會互助論，認為階級鬥爭並非人類社會發展的理想模式。全球化發展達到顛峰的21世紀，歐美主要國家在傳統福利國家制度與新自由主義無法適切解決諸多如貧窮等社會排除問題脈絡之下，社會創新成為這些國家之社會發展想像與實踐的核心內涵。社會互助論與社會創新呈現不同歷史與知識脈絡下，孫中山與歐美國家對社會發展的不同想像。本文旨在透過針對孫中山的社會互助論以及歐美國家學界與實務界提出的社會創新概念進行脈絡的分析，並進一步從兩者所隱含的對國家與社會在社會發展中所應扮演的角色進行討論，最終就社會互助論與社會創新對當代社會發展途徑的啟發提出看法。

全文內容: Sun Yat-sen proposed the idea of “social mutualism” inspired by Russian anarchist Pyotr Alexeyevich Kropotkin against the background of the establishment of the Republic of China in the early 20th century. The purpose was to emphasize that “competition” embodied in Karl Marx’s idea of “class struggle” is not an ideal model of social development. In the context of 21 century when globalization reached its apex of development, social innovation has appeared to be highly influential in the imaginaries and practices of social development in the West. The increasing influence and popularity of the idea of social innovation can be attributed to the recognized failures of traditional welfare state theory and neo-liberalism in resolving the existing problems resulting in social exclusion such as poverty. This study aims to compare the social imaginaries embodied in Sun’s idea of “social mutualism” and “social innovation” understood in the literature through analyzing the historical and intellectual contexts in which these two ideas were proposed, as well as the roles of state and society in the approaches to resolving social exclusions entailed in these two visions of social development. This paper then concludes with the implications of “social mutualism” and “social innovation” for contemporary social development.