孫中山大亞洲主義與玻利瓦泛美主義思維之比較研究

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題名(英): A Comparative Study on Sun Yat-sen's Pan Asianism and Simón Bolívar's Pan-Americanism

關鍵詞(英): Sun Yat-sen 、 Pan-Asianism 、 Simón Bolívar 、 Pan-Americanism 、 nationalism

全文內容: 　　孫中山的大亞洲主義是一種國族聯合式的整合，與玻利瓦所致力的將西班牙美洲整合為一國族國家，顯有鬆散與緊密程度上之不同。不過，兩者都把文化做為族群整合的基礎，企圖以此超越了不同根基條件所可能帶來的整合障礙，則是在對抗歐洲殖民主義的目標之外，又有論理共通性。
　　玻利瓦對於美洲整合的論述，是在克瑞奧里式的國族主義的脈絡之下進行，從文化建構論來分析，興於西屬美洲獨立革命的克瑞奧里式的國族主義，是現代國族主義的源起。而孫中山的「民族主義」雖以根基論為基礎，也就是強調以客觀的血統和語言條件來論證國族的形塑，但亦有文化建構論的因子，此正繫於他的大亞洲主義演說核心的「王道」論述上。孫中山認為「民族」的結合是出於王道，所以，在論述中日親善與亞洲聯合時，強調要以「王道」進行整合。而「王道」就是以儒家義理為核心所構成的價值、行為標準與政治秩序，以其做為國族之區辨暨整合的主觀條件，其實就是回歸到傳統中國社會的文化主義。文化主義其實可視為國族主義的先質，有助於現代國族的想像。

全文內容: 　　Even though they both advocated a kind of regional integration to oppose against European colonialism, unlike Simón Bolívar who dedicated himself on making a Spanish-American country, Sun Yat-sen tended to create greater unity in Asian people. However, both Sun's Pan-Asianism and Bolívar's Pan-Ameicanism are built on cultural conditions to achieve their future integration.
　　It would be appropriate to recognize Bolívar's discourses according to the contexts of the Creole nationalism which is regarded as the pioneer of modern nationalism on the angles of the cultural constructivism. In spite of that Sun described the formation of nations according to some primordial features, it would be still not difficult to find social constructivist factors in his discourses about nationalism. Especially in his speech on "the Pan-Asianism" Sun illuminated wan-dao (the King ways), which dose not only becomes the core of his views about Asian unity but also the key to understand his proto-cultural constructivism of nation-making.