本館出版品

「中山遺跡」在香港澳門地區的保留承傳探討

A discussion of preserving and maintaining the “traces of Sun Yat-sen” in Hong Kong and Macao

孫學研究

1996-265-7

半年刊

2024/11/12

第37期

p.77-119

被視為「中華民國國父」的孫中山先生是為中國現代國家的奠基者及民族革命的先行者。在海峽兩岸華人地區中一直享負盛名，極盡尊榮。即使在曾遭受歐洲長期殖民統治洗禮的英屬香港及葡屬澳門(即今中華人民共和國香港特別行政區及澳門特別行政區)，孫中山生平在這些地方留下的生命足跡(包括其學業、工作及其後的反滿及建國事業)和傳奇都未曾磨滅，並世代流傳家傳戶曉，亦成為學界對這位民國歷史的重要人物研究的重要資源。
本文旨在對港、澳地區地方政府對「中山遺跡」(如香港的中山史跡徑、孫中山紀念館、澳門國父紀念館、鏡湖醫院歷史紀念館等)的保育及論述作一系統式比較及整理，並採用對政策研究、文獻分析，及利用整理考證網上資料作遠程田野調查等方式，展述在殖民地時期及當前中共治下對孫中山其人行誼往事及「中山遺跡」的態度、看法及轉變，包括如何透過保育這些歷史建築及文物等達到愛國歷史教育及傳播中華國族主義的政治性目的。
再者，隨著中共政府在2015年宣佈營造「粵港澳大灣區」長遠發展計劃，孫中山先生之出生地，屬大灣區計劃範圍中的香山縣即今廣東省中山市，市政府亦有意以建設「人文灣區」之名義。對中山市及港澳地區的「中山遺跡」作一整合及重新論述，並揚言「深度挖掘和弘揚孫中山文化資源「創建文創示範區」(參見中山市發展和改革局)。從文化意義上，政治上的權力不對等會為文化傳播帶來負面影響(參見C. W. Watson)。中共「單元文化政策」意味著港澳「中山遺跡」獨特的多元文化佈局的改變及消怠，對歷史文化永續保育具深遠影響，筆者對此尤為重視。故本文對此亦會作一政策分析及評估，以預估「中山遺跡」在此一變局下的變化及並為未來研究者提出建議。

Dr. Sun Yat-sen, who has been seen as the “National Father” of the Republic of China, lay the groundwork for China to become a modern country, as well as a pioneer of the ethnic revolution. On both sides of the Taiwan Strait, he has continued to enjoy a strong reputation and great esteem. When he was living in UK-controlled Hong Kong and Portuguese-controlled Macao (that is, today’s Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions), both of which had been through the baptism of European colonial rule, Sun left traces of his stays. These traces (including his studies, his work, and his later anti-Manchurian and nation-building enterprises) and legends about his stays have remained to this day. They continue to be carried down from generation to generation, familiar to every family and household, and have become important materials for academic research into this important historical figure.
This paper attempts to create a systematic comparison and organization of the preservation for, use of, and discourses on the traces of Sun Yat-sen in Hong Kong and Macao. Examples of sites where such traces are found include the Sun Yat-sen Historical Trail (HK), the Dr. Sun Yat-sen Museum (HK), the Dr. Sun Yat-sen Memorial House (Macao), and Kiang Wu Hospital Historical Memorial House (Macao). This study uses methods such as policy study, literature analysis, and internet resources for long-range field research. Through these methods, I attempt to discuss attitudes, views, and shifts in those attitudes and views toward Dr. Sun’s historical character, actions, and “traces”, during the era of colonization and the current CCP regime. This includes how preservation of historic architecture and objects achieves political objectives in education about patriotic history and transmitting Chinese ethno-nationalism.
In 2015, mainland China announced the long-term development plan to build a Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (or GBA). The place area where Dr. Sun was born, Xiangshan County (now Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province), falls within this GBA plan. The city government has plans, under the label of creating a “Humanistic Bay”, to complete an integrated, renewed description of the traces of Sun Yat-sen in Zhongshan City, Hong Kong, and Macao. They have also proclaimed that they will “deeply develop and promote Sun Yat-sen cultural resources to establish a Cultural Creativity Demonstration Zone”. Mainland China’s monistic culture policy implies that the uniquely pluralistic landscape of Hong Kong and Macao’s traces of Sun Yat-sen will be changed, even imperiled, which would have an immense impact on sustainable preservation of history and culture. Thus, this article also attempts to analyze and evaluate impacts on the traces of Sun Yat-sen in these changing times, and provides suggestions for future research.

國立國父紀念館

臺北市

投稿日：民國113年3月21日；接受刊登日：113年10月30日