詮釋資料說明

文件類型

本館出版品

題名

敬與祭：反思尊崇中山先生的「宗教儀式」

題名(英)

Respect and Worship: Rethinking the Religious Ceremonies of Dr. Sun

作者

張家麟

期刊

孫學研究

ISSN

1996-2657

出版頻率

半年刊

出版西元年月日

2019/11/12

卷期

第27期

頁次

p.1-20

關鍵詞

孫中山 、 國父 、 敬與祭 、 宗教儀式 、 殯葬禮儀

關鍵詞(英)

Sun Yat-sen 、 、 respect and worship 、 religious ceremony 、 patriarch of the nation

全文內容

當代中國國民黨及在臺灣的中華民國政府，先視中山先生（1866-1925）為「總理」、「開國元勳」，後尊他為「國父」，才會以「國家」的規格「敬」、「祭」先生。為何如此大費周章？應該從先生革命建國說起。

終其一生，他為中華民國奔走、奉獻、犧牲。中國國民黨在其身後獨尊為「總理」，特設治喪委員會，謹慎治喪。依其遺願，擇墓穴長眠於首都南京紫金山麓。並尊重其基督教信仰，不立傳統儒教之神主牌位，改立雕像於墓室中。

過去學界從中山先生的思想與史料，已經釐清先生的基督信仰與傳統中國宗教關係；或是為了革命，而加入反清復明的致公堂。甚至，從先生的演講、著作，論述先生重視科學甚於宗教，建立憲政，應該尊重宗教，行「政教分立」。然而，這些論證甚少碰觸先生身後事。

本短文即在此基礎上，探索、反思下列幾個問題：1.國民政府如何尊重先生的信仰？2.國民政府選擇那些「殯葬禮儀」尊崇先生？3.政府遷臺後，國家在何時、何地、用何種儀式「祭拜」、「禮敬」先生？4.而這些「殯葬、祭拜、禮敬」儀式，展現出那些意涵？筆者以為，這些問題的解答、論述，將構成本文的主要脈絡。

全文內容

The contemporary Nationalist Party of China and the government of the Republic of China first honored Dr. Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925) as premier and founding father, and later as the patriarch of the nation. As such, he is "respected" and "worshipped" according to national stipulations. The reason for such ceremonious elaboration begins with Dr. Sun's revolution and founding of the country.

Throughout his life, Dr. Sun had labored, dedicated and sacrificed himself for the Republic of China. The Nationalist Party of China honored him as Premier posthumously, and set up a special funeral committee for cautious mourning. According to his wishes, he was laid to rest in Zijinshan in the capital of Nanjing. Furthermore, out of respect for his Christian faith, a statue was erected in his tomb instead of the traditional Confucian ancestral tablet.

Based on Dr. Sun's thoughts and historical information, past academic communities have already clarified the relationship between his Christian faith and traditional Chinese religion. For the sake of revolution, he joined the Freemasons, which sought to oppose the Qing Dynasty and restore the Ming Dynasty. Furthermore, Dr. Sun's speeches and works revealed his emphasis on science over religion. He established a constitution that mandates respect for religion and the "separation of politics and religion." However, after his death, these arguments are rarely addressed.

Accordingly, this article explored and reflected on the following questions: (1) How did the Nationalist government honor the faith of Dr. Sun; (2) Which "funeral ceremonies" did the Nationalist government choose to honor Dr. Sun; (3) After moving to Taiwan, when, where and what kind of ceremonies did the government use to "worship" and "honor" Dr. Sun; and (4)What meanings do these "funeral, worship and respect" ceremonies demonstrate? The author believes that the answers and arguments to these questions will constitute the main substance of this article.

出版者

國立國父紀念館

出版地

臺北市

備註

投稿日：西元2019 年5 月24 日；接受刊登日：西元2019 年10 月25 日